second level domain

Second level and lower level domains

Below the top-level domains in the domain name hierarchy are the second-level domain (SLD) names. These are the names directly to the left of .com, .net, and the other top-level domains. As an example, in the domain en.wikipedia.org, wikipedia is the second-level domain.

Next are third-level domains, which are written immediately to the left of a second-level domain. There can be fourth- and fifth-level domains, and so on, with virtually no limitation. An example of an operational domain name with four levels of domain labels is www.sos.state.oh.us. The www preceding the domains is the host name of the World-Wide Web server. Each label is separated by a full stop (dot). 'sos' is said to be a sub-domain of 'state.oh.us', and 'state' a sub-domain of 'oh.us', etc. In general, subdomains are domains subordinate to their parent domain. An example of very deep levels of subdomain ordering are the IPv6 reverse resolution DNS zones, e.g., 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa, which is the reverse DNS resolution domain name for the IP address of a loopback interface, or the localhost name.

Second-level (or lower-level, depending on the established parent hierarchy) domain names are often created based on the name of a company (e.g., microsoft.com), product or service (e.g., gmail.com). Below these levels, the next domain name component has been used to designate a particular host server. Therefore, ftp.wikipedia.org might be an FTP server,www.wikipedia.org would be a World Wide Web server, and mail.wikipedia.org could be an email server, each intended to perform only the implied function. Modern technology allows multiple physical servers with either different (cf. load balancing) or even identical addresses (cf. anycast) to serve a single hostname or domain name, or multiple domain names to be served by a single computer. The latter is very popular in Web hosting service centers, where service providers host the websites of many organizations on just a few servers.

top level domains

Top level domains

The top-level domains (TLDs) are the highest level of domain names of the Internet. They form the DNS root zone of the hierarchical Domain Name System. Every domain name ends in a top-level or first-level domain label.

When the Domain Name System was created in the 1980s, the domain name space was divided into two main groups of domains.^[1] The country code top-level domains (ccTLD) were primarily based on the two-character territory codes of ISO-3166 country abbreviations. In addition, a group of seven generic top-level domains (gTLD) was implemented which represented a set of categories of names and multi-organizations. These were the domains GOV, EDU, COM, MIL, ORG, NET, and INT.

During the growth of the Internet, it became desirable to create additional generic top-level domains. As of June 2009, there are 20 generic top-level domains and 248 country code top-level domains.^[3] In addition, the ARPA domain serves technical purposes in the infrastructure of the Domain Name System.

During the 32nd International Public ICANN Meeting in Paris in 2008,^[4] ICANN started a new process of TLD naming policy to take a "significant step forward on the introduction of new generic top-level domains." This program envisions the availability of many new or already proposed domains, as well a new application and implementation process.^[5] Observers believed that the new rules could result in hundreds of new top-level domain to be registered.^[6]

An annotated list of top-level domains in the root zone database is published at the IANA website at http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ and a Wikipedia list exists.

domain name

Domain name

A domain name is an identification label that defines a realm of administrative autonomy, authority, or control in the Internet, based on the Domain Name System (DNS).

Domain names are used in various networking contexts and application-specific naming and addressing purposes. They are organized in subordinate levels (subdomains) of the DNS rootdomain, which is nameless. The first-level set of domain names are the top-level domains (TLDs), including the generic top-level domains (gTLDs), such as the prominent domains com,net and org, and the country code top-level domains (ccTLDs). Below these top-level domains in the DNS hierarchy are the second-level and third-level domain names that are typically open for reservation by end-users that wish to connect local area networks to the Internet, run web sites, or create other publicly accessible Internet resources. The registration of these domain names is usually administered by domain name registrars who sell their services to the public.

Individual Internet host computers use domain names as host identifiers, or hostnames. Hostnames are the leaf labels in the domain name system usually without further subordinate domain name space. Hostnames appear as a component in Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) for Internet resources such as web sites (e.g., en.wikipedia.org).

Domain names are also used as simple identification labels to indicate ownership or control of a resource. Such examples are the realm identifiers used in the Session Initiation Protocol(SIP), the DomainKeys used to verify DNS domains in e-mail systems, and in many other Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs).

An important purpose of domain names is to provide easily recognizable and memorizable names to numerically addressed Internet resources. This abstraction allows any resource (e.g., website) to be moved to a different physical location in the address topology of the network, globally or locally in an intranet. Such a move usually requires changing the IP address of a resource and the corresponding translation of this IP address to and from its domain name.

Domain names are often referred to simply as domains and domain name registrants are frequently referred to as domain owners, although domain name registration with a registrar does not confer any legal ownership of the domain name, only an exclusive right of use.

This article primarily discusses the group of domain names that are offered by domain name registrars for registration by the public. The Domain Name System article discusses the technical facilities and infrastructure of the domain name space and the hostname article deals with specific information about the use of domain names as identifiers of network hosts.

print making process video

this video shows the litography process :printmaking process

seminar topics with ppts

seminar topics with ppts

if u need any topics below mail me: bsnspkumar_484@yahoo.co.in

Analysis of the Performance of DOA Algorithms in smart antenna system

cmos power dissipation11

congestion driven placement

CRYPYOGRAPHY

DELAYS IN ASIC DESIGN

vlsi chip packing techniques

HELIO DISPLAY

image compression

Impact of scaling

Intro to SMT

LowpowerCache Design

MESFET TECHNOLOGY

microsoft surface

Photolithography

PLDS.ppt

praveen

home automation using zigbee technology

satellite communication

nanotechnology and nano-biotechnology

Silicon_Quantum_Dots

silicon-on-insulator technology

SINGLE ELECTRON TRANSISTOR

asynchronous chips

systemVerilogwood

thermoelectric cooling devices

VLSI Design

VLSI Technology

VLSI TESTING

ECE short listed seminar topics

ECE Seminar topics

These are the seminar topics based on Electronics and Communications. If u need abstracts of the below seminar topics u can mail to me : email id: bsnspkumar_484@yahoo.co.in

(note: i am having only abstracts for the below topics... no ppts)

Artificial eye

cryonics

Cost Effective & reliable Tx using FACTS

NUMBER PORTABILITY AND INDIAN SCENARIO

AUTOMATION OF CARS using Embedded systems

Robotics Elixir for soldiers

Satellite phones

VLSI IMPLEMENTATION OF OFDM

An FPGA Dynamically Reconfigurable Framework

FPGA's

MAGNETIC COMPUTING

SPINTRONICS

Neuro Generalized Predictive system

BLUETOOTH

4G Mobile Communications

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Electronics Monitoring On Criminal Activities

SEEING OUR WORLD IN A DIFFERENT LIGHT

cryogenic technology and applied superconductivity

TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM TO MOBILE

TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM TO MOBILE

Software Defined Radio

QUANTUM COMPUTING]

DNA COMPUTERS

SAFETY OF INDIAN RAILWAYS

xmax

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

RANDOM NUMBER GENERATION USING A TOUCH SCREEN AND QUANTUM

D.T.H

HOLOGRAPHIC MEMORY

Optical Camouflage

UWB gold in garbage frequency

uwb

VOIP

uwb1

advanced commn.

VIRTUAL Reality

SOLAR POWER SATELLITES

SMART ANTENNAS

SMART PHONE

SECURITY ASPECTS OF RFID TECHNOLOGY

ROBOTICS MCKIBBEN

HEART FAILURE ALERT SYSTEM

PERSONAL REQUEST INTERACTIVE MP3 PLAYER

ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE 2

ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODES

MICROTURBINES

Intelligent Control Of A Highly Flexible Robotic Structur

A DOCKING SYSTEM FOR MICROSATELLITES

HAWK-EYE BALL TRACKING SYSTEM

PHOTONIC COMPUTING

SOI manufacturing Technology VLSI-2

SOC IMPLANTABLE DEVICE TO ERADICATE AIDS

Smart phones an Embedded systems applications

REAL Time image processing to traffic detection

Face Recogniton

Image processing 2

DIP-Finger printing Authenticaion

ULTRA WIDE BAND WIRELESS DATA TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY

Plasmonics

HOLOTOCH TECHNOLOGY

CDMA

blue ray Disc

Blue Brain Project

BLUETOOTH AND 4G TECHNOLOGY

ECE short listed seminar topics

program for UART

the below posting is the program for UART

whole VHDL program for baud rate generator

whole VHDL program for baud rate generator

module baudrate(sysclk,rst_b, sel, bclkx8,bclk);

input sysclk,rst_b;

input [2:0] sel;

output bclkx8,bclk;

reg [3:0] ctr1;

reg [7:0] ctr2;

reg [2:0] ctr3;

wire clkdiv13;

initial

begin

ctr1=4'd0;

end

initial

begin

ctr2=8'd0;

end

initial

begin

ctr3=3'd0;

end

always@(posedge sysclk or negedge rst_b)

begin

if(!rst_b)

ctr1=4'd0;

else if(ctr1==4'b1100)

ctr1=4'd0;

else

ctr1=ctr1+4'd1;

end

assign clkdiv13=ctr1[3];

always@(posedge clkdiv13)

ctr2=ctr2+8'd1;

assign bclkx8=ctr2[sel];

always@(posedge bclkx8)

begin

ctr3=ctr3+3'd1;

end

assign bclk=ctr3[2];

endmodule

module baudtransmitter(bclk,sysclk,rst,tdre,loadtdr,dbus,settdre,txd);

input bclk,sysclk,rst,tdre,loadtdr;

input [7:0]dbus;

output settdre,txd;

parameter idle=2'b00,synch=2'b01,tdata=2'b10;

reg [8:0]tsr;

reg [7:0]tdr;

reg [3:0]bct;

reg [1:0] state, nextstate;

reg inc, clr,loadtsr,shfttsr,start ,bclkdelayed;

wire bclkrising;

assign txd=tsr[0];

assign settdre=loadtsr;

assign bclkrising = bclk & (! bclkdelayed);

always@(state,tdre,bct,bclkrising)

begin

inc=1'b0; clr=1'b0; loadtsr=1'b0; shfttsr=1'b0; start=1'b0;

case(state)

idle: if(tdre==1'b0)

begin

loadtsr=1'b1;

nextstate=synch;

end

else nextstate=idle;

synch: if( bclkrising==1'b1 ) begin

start=1'b1;nextstate=tdata;

end

else nextstate=synch;

tdata: if( bclkrising==1'b0 ) nextstate=tdata;

else if(bct != 4'b1001)begin shfttsr=1'b1; inc=1'b1; nextstate=tdata; end

else begin clr=1'b1; nextstate=idle;end

endcase

end

always@( posedge sysclk or negedge rst)

begin

if(!rst)

begin

tsr=8'b11111111; state=idle; bct=1'b0; bclkdelayed=1'b0;

end

else

begin

state=nextstate;

if(clr==1'b1) bct=4'b0000;

else if (inc==1'b1) bct=bct+4'b0001;

if(loadtdr==1'b1) tdr=dbus;

if(loadtsr==1'b1) tsr={tdr,1'b1};

if(start==1'b1) tsr[0]=1'b0;

if(shfttsr==1'b1) tsr={1'b1 , tsr[8:1]};

bclkdelayed=bclk;

end

end

endmodule

module uart(sel,dbus,sysclk,rst,loadtdr,tdre,settdre,txd);

input sysclk,rst,loadtdr,tdre;

input[2:0]sel;

input[7:0]dbus;

output settdre,txd;

wire tclk;

baudrate b1(sysclk, rst, sel, bclkx8, tclk);

tx b2(tclk, sysclk, rst, tdre, loadtdr, dbus, settdre, txd);

endmodule

module rx(rxd, bclkx8, sysclk, rst, rdrf, rdr, setrdrf, setoe, setfe);

input rxd;

input bclkx8;

input sysclk;

input rst;

input rdrf;

output [7:0] rdr;

output setrdrf;

output setoe;

output setfe;

reg [1:0]state,nextstate;

reg [7:0] rsr,rdr;

reg [2:0]ct1;

reg[3:0]ct2;

reg clr1,clr2,inc1,inc2,loadrdr,shftrsr;

reg bclkx8dlayed;

reg setrdrf,setoe,setfe;

wire bclkrising;

assign bclkx8rising= bclkx8 & (~bclkx8dlayed);

always@(state,rxd,rdrf,ct1,ct2,bclkx8rising)

begin

inc1=1'b0;

inc2=1'b0;

clr1=1'b0;

clr2=1'b0;

shftrsr=1'b0;

loadrdr=1'b0;

setrdrf=1'b0;

setoe=1'b0;

setfe=1'b0;

case(state)

2'b00:begin

if(rxd==1'b0)

nextstate=2'b01;

else

nextstate=2'b00;

end

2'b01:begin

if(bclkrising==1'b0)

nextstate=2'b01;

else if(rxd==1'b1)

begin

clr1=1'b1;nextstate=2'b00;

end

else if(3'b011)

begin

clr1=1'b0;nextstate=2'b10;

end

else

begin

inc1=1'b1;nextstate=2'b01;

end

end

2'b10:begin

if(bclkrising==1'b0)

nextstate=2'b10;

else

begin

inc1=1'b1;

if(ct1!=3'b111)

nextstate=2'b10;

else if(ct2!=4'b1000)

begin

shftrsr=1'b1;inc2=1'b1;clr1=1'b1;

nextstate=2'b10;

end

else

begin

nextstate=2'b00;setrdrf=1'b1;

clr1=1'b1;

clr2=1'b1;

if(rdrf==1'b1)

setoe=1'b1;

else if(rxd==1'b0)

setfe=1'b1;

else

loadrdr=1'b1;

end

end

end

endcase

end

always@(posedge sysclk or negedge rst)

begin

if(!rst)

begin

state=2'b00; bclkx8dlayed=1'b0;

clr1=1'b0;

clr2=1'b0;

end

else

begin

state=nextstate;

if(clr1==1'b1)

ct1=1'b0;

else if(inc1==1'b1)

ct1=ct1+1'b1;

if(clr2==1'b1)

ct2=1'b0;

else if(inc2==1'b1)

ct2=ct2+1'b1;

if(shftrsr==1'b1)

rsr={rxd,rsr[7:1]};

if(loadrdr==1'b1)

rdr=rsr;

bclkx8dlayed=bclkx8;

end

end

endmodule